Sea tutles

Project description
http://sciencecases.lib.buffalo.edu/cs/files/turtle_migration.pdf

http://nevittlab.org/The_Nevitt_Lab/CONTACT_US_files/NEVITTjexbio.pdf

http://www.seaturtle.org/PDF/LohmannKJ_2008_JExpBiol.pdf

These are the questions that needs to be answered based on the articles above. Please make sure to provide the cite and references for source used. I have kind of started answering some of the questions but could you please make sure if they make sense or not. If they needs to make some change please free to add or change. Please make sure to cite the source.

Question
1. How do hatchlings navigate to the ocean? Make a list of the dangers they face on their way along the beach.
Search online databases such as PubMed and find journal articles for answers. Provide your references.
Hatchlings navigate to the ocean based on their magnetoreception that help them to sense the magnetic field and direct them to swim towards the sea (Lohmann et al., 2007). The dangers that hatchling face on their way along the beach could be predators like raccoons, birds, dogs, sea animals, and people, temperature (heat), water tides, lightings nearby/around the sea, and ingestion of harmful foods.

Question
2. Read the article by Lohmann et al. (2008). Once in the water, how do Bro and Flo know to make their way out to sea? What mechanisms do researchers believe guide hatchlings toward deeper water?

Sea turtles make their way out to sea by detecting the waves direction as an orientation cue (Salmon and Lohmann, 1989; Lohmann et al. 1990).

Questions
5. Help answer Bro’s question by reading the paper by Nevitt & Bonadonna (2005). Research has shown that birds might use environmental markers such as dimethyl sulphide (DMS) to navigate. What produces DMS? Briefly describe the methodology used by Nevitt and Bonadonna to determine whether birds can detect DMS. In what oceans and regions have DMS concentrations been measured?

DMS is produced by produced by phytoplankton for the global climate regulation (Nevitt et al. 1995, 2004). According to Nevitt and Bonadonna, there are two methodology used to determine whether birds can detect DMS: physiological where the change in heart rate was monitored before and after exposing to the birds with DMS. For the behavioral methods, birds were monitored based on the orientation to DMS (Bonadonna & Nevitt 2004). DMS concentrations have been measured in the southern Indian Ocean in the Crozet-Kerguelen region with the concentration ranging from 0.9 to 3.5 nM (Nevitt et al. 1995, 2004).

Questions
6. Examine other transoceanic migrators such as seals. Why do researchers think that seals use visual cues to navigate?

Question
8. Describe the challenges faced by sea migrants such as birds and marine mammals and how they differ from land migrants.