Environmental Science and Services

UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER
Westminster Business School – School of Applied
Management
Module 5CNMN005W:
Environmental Science and Services
Module Coursework 1 – Individual Report (25%
weighting)
2021-22
Application of low / zero carbon and sustainable
strategies
• A brief history of Approved Document (AD) L1A
• To introduce the current AD L1A
• Basic examination of the structure and requirements of AD
L1A
• Energy Performance Certificates
• Introduction to coursework 1
Aims of the session
• Part L – “Conservation of fuel and power”.
• Part L covers both domestic (L1) and nondomestic (L2) buildings.
• Contains four approved documents to meet
building regulations.
• Updated every few years to improve energy
efficiency of dwellings.
Building Regulations and Part L
Part L – Approved Documents
• AD L1A = New dwellings
• AD L1B = Extensions, conversions and alterations to dwellings
• AD L2A = New non-domestic buildings
• AD L2B = Extensions, conversions and alterations to nondomestic buildings
History of Part L
• The first Part L was introduced in 1985. This was an elemental approach to
compliance.
• In 2003, the EU Energy Performance of Building Directive was adopted which
required members to adopt a methodology of calculating carbon emissions
from buildings.
• In Part L 2006 a whole dwelling carbon limit was introduced into regulations.
• The carbon limit has been gradually reduced since then.
History of AD L1A
2002 2016
AD L1A 2002;
The first version of AD L1A
to introduce optional
carbon compliance
2006 2010 2014
AD L1A 2006;
Introduced mandatory
carbon targets to
satisfy EPBD
Standards around 20%
lower than 2002 L1A
AD L1A 2010;
Carbon target
around 25%
lower than 2006
L1A
AD L1A 2013;
Introduced
mandatory fabric
energy target.
Carbon reduction of
around 6% lower
than 2010
AD L1A 2016
Cancelled;
Zero Carbon
Homes were
proposed for
2016 – scrapped
by
Conservatives in
Spring 2016
2003
Energy Performance of Buildings
Directive (EPBD);
Required a whole building assessment
of carbon emissions within 3 years
2007
“The Road to Zero Carbon Homes”;
Phased uplift in standards planned
every 2-3 years with Zero Carbon
Homes by 2016
Reducing CO2 Emissions
AD L1a 2002 AD L1a 2006 AD L1a 2010 AD L1a 2013
Approved Document L1A
AD L1A 2013
• Applies to new build dwellings only.
• Current version of AD L1A was introduced on 6th
April 2014. (2013 edition with 2016 amendments)
• Standards were increased from 2010, particularly
in regards to building fabric.
• On average this led to a 6% reduction in CO2
emissions when compared with AD L1A 2010.
link to AD Part L
Criterion
1 – Achieving the TER and TFEE rate
2 – Limits on design flexibility
3 – Limiting the effects of heat gains in summer
4 – Building performance consistent with DER and DFEE rate
5 – Provisions for energy efficient operation of the dwelling
How is AD L1A structured?
How is AD L1A structured?
TER = mass of Co2 emitted in kg per m2 of floor area per annum.
TFEE = the amount of energy demand in kilowatt hours per m2 of floor area per annum
Criterion 1: in accordance with regulation 26, the calculated rate of CO2 emissions
from the dwelling (the Dwelling CO2 Emission Rate, DER) must not be greater
than the Target CO2 Emission Rate (TER). Additionally, and in accordance with
regulation 26A, the calculated Dwelling Fabric Energy Efficiency (DFEE) rate must
not be greater than the Target Fabric Energy Efficiency (TFEE) rate.
Demonstrating compliance
Criterion 1 assess the energy efficiency of the dwelling and;
• Limits the amount of CO2
a dwelling produces
• By limiting the amount of energy a dwelling uses to heat and cool it
This is achieved by using ‘SAP’ to set a ‘target’ of CO2 emissions and energy
use which all dwellings must not exceed.
Both items must be passed to achieve overall compliance for Criterion 1.
Demonstrating compliance
CO2 emissions are assessed using the ‘DER’ vs ‘TER’;
DER = Dwelling Emission Rate in kgCO2
/m2/yr
TER = Target Emission Rate in kgCO2
/m2/yr
To show compliance the DER has to be lower than the TER.
Criterion 1
How are the DER and TER generated?
The TER is the CO2
target all new build dwellings must not exceed. Based on a model
dwelling.
The DER is the predicted CO2 emissions from the actual dwelling.
Both are calculated using the SAP method and are the sum of CO2 emissions from;
• Space heating
• Water heating
• Lighting
• Ventilation
• Cooling
?
DER and Heating Fuels
• Table shows Identical dwelling,
only heating fuel has changed.
• The effect of different fuel
types on the DER;
• A DER less than 10 kgCO2
/m2 or
higher than 30 kgCO2
/m2 is
unusual.
Fuel type DER (kgCO2
)
Gas 16.25
LPG 17.83
Electric 34.68
Oil 21.64
Coal 27.35
Wood chips 3.43
Criterion 2: the performance of the individual fabric elements and the fixed building
services of the building should achieve reasonable overall standards of energy efficiency,
following the procedure set out in paragraphs 2.31 to 2.37.
More information, including criterion 3, 4 and 5 can be found in ADL1A on Blackboard
Criterion 2 – Fabric
In L1A 2013 the limiting U-values are;
Air permeability is also limited at 10 m3
/m2
/hr @ 50 Pa.
Element U-value (w/m2k)
Walls 0.3
Floors 0.25
Roofs 0.2
Openings 2.0
Energy Performance Certificates
• Since 1st April 2008 all new build dwellings must have an
Energy Performance Certificate (EPCs) upon completion of
the build.
• EPCs can only be produced by accredited On Construction
Domestic Energy Assessors (OCDEAs).
• They are stored on a central government register –
https://find-energy-certificate.digital.communities.gov.uk/
Introduction to Coursework 1
The coursework is an individual report, with a word count of 1000 words max and
should include text, drawings and calculations. Note. Drawings, tables and calculations
will not count towards your 1000 word count.
The coursework has a weighting of 25% towards your final module mark.
Key elements of the project will require in-depth research and proposals. These ‘key
elements’ are outlined in the assessment criteria in the coursework briefing document.
The coursework requires you to propose 2 enhancements to the house which
improve its energy performance characteristics by reducing its operational energy
demand.
Your 2 enhancements must be as follows:-
1. To improve the fabric of the building, supported by u-value calculations
2. To improve the heating of the building
Introduction to Coursework 1
Submission Details – You should submit an electronic copy of your report, via
turn-it-in, no later than 1pm on Tuesday 11 January 2022.

Thank you for listening ☺