. Chronic adaptations

******Respond to this post #1*******
I decided to choose swimming, Swimming is an activity that can lead to many changes to the body after consistently training for some time. Chronic adaptations include the body to develop a strong cardiovascular system compared to other exercises. When you swim, you use your entire body and they may lead to significant weight loss, for example a swimmer may start to see negative effects towards waist circumference (Lahart, 2018 pg 1). Consistent swimming leads to a more leaner body, the different styles of swimming can chisel different areas of the body. “Aerobic exercise promotes short-term physiological changes in the intestinal smooth muscle associated to the ischemia-reperfusion process; however, few studies have demonstrated its effect on the intestinal contractile function”(Physiol, 2018 pg 1). Out of all sports, swimmers have one of the highest metabolisms, the calories that are burned when swimming can be massive. Naturally swimming can be more relaxing than going into the gym and completing a full body work but it can still have the same effect over time, which means we should replenish our bodies exactly the same. Chlorine can result to a low level production of thyroid hormones, which leads to low thyroid hormone levels. “Two distinct types of specific respiratory muscle training (RMT), i.e. respiratory muscle strength (resistive/threshold) and endurance (hyperpnoea) training, have been established to improve the endurance performance of healthy individuals”(sabine, 2012) . Muscle endurance allows athletes to go longer without feeling fatigue, Consistent training will develop the muscles to be able to compete at a high intensity longer than usual.

References
The Plunge. 2021. How Swimming Shapes Your Body |  San Diego Gym with a Pool. [online] Available at: <https://plungesandiego.com/does-swimming-reduce-belly-thigh-fat/> [Accessed 16 November 2021].
Viana, E., Bentley, D. and Logan-Sprenger, H., 2021. A Physiological Overview of the Demands, Characteristics, and Adaptations of Highly Trained Artistic Swimmers: a Literature Review.

******Respond to this post #2*******

Hope everyone is doing well this week! For this week’s forum I chose to discuss Hight Intensity Interval Training also known as HIIT. An acute physiological change is an immediate change in one or multiple systems in response to exercise. During HIIT the acute changes that happen include heart rate, hormones, venous blood glucose, and lactate levels, autonomic, and metabolic reactivity (Boutcher, 2011). A chronic adaptation refers to the long term affects to one or multiple systems in response to exercise. During HIIT the chronic adaptations that take place include increased aerobic and anaerobic fitness, skeletal muscle adaptations, and decreased fasting insulin and insulin resistance (Boutcher, 2011). HIIT is a form of interval training that consists of short bursts of different exercises.
The typical HIIT session doesn’t last for more than 30 minutes based on the intensity of the workout. In regards to energy metabolism, HIIT initially results in lower ATP and phosphocreatine as well as decreased glycogen stores (Boutcher, 2011). During HIIT the main hormones that are affected are cortisol and growth hormone. From a cardiopulmonary standpoint, HIIT improves the VO2 max and aerobic threshold in people as well as reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Ito, 2019). HIIT is more of an aerobic exercise so most people don’t typically do it to gain muscle. The intensity of HIIT can potentially lead to muscle fiber impairment which can be manifested by increases in concentration of creatine kinase (Cipryan, Tschakert, & Hofmann, 2017).

References
Boutcher S. H. (2011). High-intensity intermittent exercise and fat loss. Journal of obesity, 2011, 868305. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/868305
Cipryan, L., Tschakert, G., & Hofmann, P. (2017). Acute and Post-Exercise Physiological Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training in Endurance and Sprint Athletes. Journal of sports science & medicine, 16(2), 219–229.
Ito S. (2019). High-intensity interval training for health benefits and care of cardiac diseases – The key to an efficient exercise protocol. World journal of cardiology, 11(7), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v11.i7.171