. Benefits and costs of climate change mitigation 

here are questions I need you to answer it with 150 words for each one with no reference; it is the question for the exam:

Emissions drivers and decarbonisation
What are the macro-economic drivers for carbon dioxide emissions? What are key ways to achieve reductions in emissions (pillars of decarbonisation)? Which aspects are similar between countries,
which differ? Give examples with reference to the Deep Decarbonization Pathways analysis.

10. Benefits and costs of climate change mitigation
What is the Social Cost of Carbon and how can it be used? What are some of the technical difficulties and ethical judgments in estimating it? Are the costs of climate change mitigation best described as ‘large’ or as ‘small’ – in comparison to what?

11. Policy instruments for climate change mitigation
What types of policy instruments can be used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? What are their respective roles in theory? Does real-world application differ from theory, in general or in particular examples? Comment in particular on market approaches versus regulation.

12. Climate change adaptation policy instruments and actors
What types of adaptation can be identified? What are respective roles and actions of individuals, businesses and governments in adaptation? What types of policy instruments can be used to address climate adaptation? Discuss what differences in applicability of policy approaches might exist between developing and developed countries.

13. Adaptation planning and institutions
What role does government-led planning have in effective adaptation? What can go wrong in planning for adaptation? Are national plans such as NAPAs useful and effective, in your view? What is the importance of well-functioning institutions and governance?

14. Climate change, development and finance
How should climate change action be seen in respect to development in your view – essentially separate, strongly connected or part-and-parcel? For which aspects of adaptation are financial resources crucial, and for which aspects are non-financial factors more important? What magnitude of climate finance for developing countries is available and aimed for? Discuss suitable roles for bilateral aid and multilateral funds in climate change adaptation.

15. Communication, interest groups and policy design
Beyond traditional considerations for policy design, what role does communication play in climate policy? What options to policymakers have to achieve compromise between diverging interests of different stakeholders? In your view, what is a suitable compromise between theoretically best and practically feasible climate change policy?

1. Carbon pricing
How does carbon pricing (carbon taxes, emissions trading) change the behaviour of producers and consumers and leads to economy-wide emissions reductions? Discuss for the example of a carbon price on electricity generation. List potential obstacles to the effectiveness of carbon pricing

2. Regulation for emissions reductions
In what economic sectors might regulatory approaches be more effective or more cost-effective than carbon pricing? What are the advantages and disadvantages of regulatory approaches? Describe two examples of non-pricing mitigation instruments, and how they result in emissions reductions.

3. Countries’ emissions targets and decarbonisation options
What different forms of emissions targets have countries put forward, and are they collectively compatible with the global goal of the Paris Agreement? What, typically, are the key components of a national strategy for longer-term decarbonisation? For one example, discuss to what extent a country’s 2030 emissions target compares to its longer-term options to strongly cut emissions.

4. Optimal mitigation versus adaptation
What theoretical approaches can be used to decide the optimal extent of global emissions reductions? Give examples of economic factors that flow into the consideration, and of value judgments that need to be made [IPCC mitigation page 5]. How does the cost of adaptation affect theoretically optimal mitigation levels?

5. Policy instruments for climate change adaptation
What types of policy instruments can be used to address climate adaptation? In what ways can adaptation policy and measures respond to uncertainty about climate change impacts? Discuss what differences in applicability of policy approaches might exit between developing and developed countries, you may give examples.

6. Governance and implementation of climate change adaptation
What are the respective roles for governments, businesses and individuals in adaptation? Discuss how adaptation functions can be allocated between different levels of government, and between different ministerial portfolios. Can planning exercises such as NAPAs usefully guide adaptation (you may want to give examples)?

7. Adaptation finance and aid
For which aspects of adaptation are financial resources crucial, and for which aspects are non-financial factors more important? Discuss suitable roles for bilateral aid and multilateral funds in climate change adaptation. In your view, is it likely that adaptation financing needs in low income countries will be met to a large extent through finance from developed countries?