EXSC 415 Lab #1 – Resting and Exercise Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Measurement

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Name___________________________
EXSC 415 Lab #1 – Resting and Exercise Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Measurement
Spring 2022, Jan 19, 28, Feb 2, 4
Due: 11:59 PM Friday, Feb 11 by email to Joel (jhard042@odu.edu)
0.1 point deduction for each spelling and grammar error; 10% deduction per day for late labs
Structured Abstract (~ 300 words, 2 points). Prepare a structured abstract as described below within the text box.
Introduction/Purpose: Provide 2-3 sentences summarizing the purpose, significance, physiological rationale for the
lab, and the expected findings based on other sources including lecture material. Methodology: Provide 2-3 sentences
briefly summarizing the characteristics of subjects, the design, and instrumentation for both laboratory sessions. Results:
Provide 2-3 sentences briefly summarizing the findings for both laboratory sessions. Conclusion: Provide a 1-2 sentence
concluding statement that is linked to purpose and expected findings.
Introduction/Purpose:
Methodology:
Results:
Conclusion:
Equipment
McKesson Aneroid Sphygmomanometers (Orlando, FL)
McKesson Stethoscopes (Orlando, FL)
Zacurate® Model 500BL Pulse Oximeter (China), Distributed by Einstein Associates, LLC (Stafford, TX)
Monark Ergometric 828E Mechanical Cycle Ergometer (Vansbro, Sweden)
Trackmaster TMX428CP Treadmill (Newton KS)
ParvoMedic True One Metabolic System (Sandy, UT)
Ambient Conditions
Resting Lab PBar =764.32.0 mm Hg; Temperature=21.51.1 ºC; Relative Humidity=24.81.7%
Exercise Lab PBar = ± mm Hg; Temperature=  ºC; Relative Humidity= ± %
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Questions:
1. Refer to the summary data in Table 1 below and briefly summarize differences between male and female EXSC 415
students in the variables in the table. Using the median values for percentile ranks, compare the HR, SBP and DBP of
Spring 2022 EXSC 415 male and female students with the larger sample which is probably more representative of the
“general population” of 20-29 year old (or older) males and females? (1 point)
Table 1. Baseline characteristics and resting (seated) HR, SBP, DBP and MAP of Spring 2022 EXSC 415 students
by gender. Values are mean±SD and Medians.
Variable Female (n=24) Median Male (n=15) Median
Age (yrs) 22 ± 2 21 22 ± 2 21
Height (m)* 1.61 ± 0.10 1.60 1.79 ± 0.12 1.80
Mass (kg)* 67.6 ± 16.1 62.1 84.6 ± 12.8 81.8
HR (beats∙min-1
)† 87 ± 14 88 76 ± 12 76
SBP (mm Hg)* 116 ± 13 120 125 ± 12 124
DBP (mm Hg) 81 ± 18 80 81 ± 7 82
MAP (mm Hg) 93 ± 13 93 95 ± 7 97
HR Percentile 17 ± 19 5 26 ± 24 15
SBP Percentile 38 ± 29 30 47 ± 25 45
DBP Percentile 41 ± 33 35 48 ± 27 35
*M>F, p≤0.05; †F>M, p≤0.05
2. Refer to correlation coefficients (r=0.9984, 0.9999), the coefficients of determination (r2=0.9969, 0.9998), and the
results of dependent t-testsin Figures 1a and 2a to briefly comment on the validity of using aneroid sphygmomanometers
1 and 2 compared to the gold standard mercury (Hg) column sphygmomanometer. Based on the values for β0 (-5.0088,
+10.672, should be near 0) and β1 (1.0044, 1.0065, and should be near 1, and there should be no significant difference
between meanHg and meanAneroid (|t| p>0.05), which aneroid cuff is most accurate? The differences between aneroid and
Hg column measurements (Y) as a function of the means of aneroid and Hg column measurements (X) are graphed in
the Bland-Altman plots below [Figures 1b and 2b]. The middle dashed line in (- – -) is the mean difference and the two
outer dashed lines (- – -) are the low and high values for the 95% confidence interval. Briefly comment on systematic
differences between aneroid and Hg column methodologies for blood pressure measurements across the physiological
range. (1 point)
y = -5.0088+ 1.0044x
r=0.9984, r²=0.9969
|t|=1.73, p>0.05, An=Hg
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
Aneroid Sphygmomanometer
Hg Column
Figure 1a. Calibration of Aneroid Sphygmomanometer
#1 against a Mercury Column Sphygmomanometer.
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
Diff=Aneroid-Hg Column
Mean=Aneroid+Hg Column)÷2
Figure 1b. Bland-Altman Graph-Agreement
between Hg Column and Aneroid
Sphygmomanometer #1
+0.2
-1.0
-2.2
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3. Refer to Figures 3a and 4a to briefly comment on the validity of HR determination by radial artery palpation (Y, Fig
3a) and auscultation of apical beats (Y, Fig 4a) compared to pulse oximetry (X, Figs 3a and 4a) in the seated, standing,
and supine positions. Auscultation and palpation are well-recognized as valid methods for HR determination. Ideally,
values for the posture-specific intercepts β0 (22.44, 21.51, 16.04) and the posture-specific slope β1 (0.664, 0.697, 0.715)
for palpation [Figure 3a] and the posture-specific intercepts β0 (20.88, 18.98, 28.82) and the posture-specific slope β1
(0.674, 0.731, and 0.54) for auscultation [Figure 4a] should be very close to 0 and 1, respectively. Briefly identify
possible reasons why these correlation coefficients are not higher (i.e., reflect a much stronger association)? Regardless
of posture, which methodology – auscultation or palpation – is more highly correlated with pulse oximetry heart rate
measurement? Use the Bland-Altman plots of the differences between HR measurements (Y) as a function of the means
of HR measurements (X) [Figures 3b (palpation, 95%CI= -8.1, -3.6 beats∙min-1
) and 4b (auscultation, 95%CI=
-9.4, -3.6 beats∙min-1
)] to briefly comment on systematic differences between resting HR measurement methodologies
for seated, standing, and supine postures. (1½ point)
y = 22.44 + 0.664x
r=0.69, r²=0.4795
|t|=3.11, p≤0.05,
Ox>P
y = 21.51 + 0.697x
r=0.66, r2=0.4356
|t|=2.25, p≤0.05,
Ox>P
y = 16.04 + 0.715x
r=0.65, r²=0.4221
|t|=3.75, p≤0.05,
Ox>P
y = 10.672 + 1.0065x
r=0.9999, r² = 0.9998 p≤0.05
|t|=33.67, p≤0.05, An>Hg
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
Aneroid Sphygmomanometer
Hg Column
Figure 2a. Calibration of Aneroid Sphygmomanometer
#2 against a Mercury Column Sphygmomanometer.
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9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
Diff=Aneroid-Hg Column
Mean=Aneroid+Hg Column)÷2
Figure 2b. Bland-Altman Graph-Agreement
between Hg Column and Aneroid
Sphygmomanometer #2
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Radial Palpation HR Measurement
Pulse Oximeter HR Measurement
Figure 3a. Associations between resting HR
measurement by radial artery palpation and pulse
oximetry in seated, standing, and supine positions.
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125
Diff=P-Ox
Mean HR=(P+Ox)÷2
Figure 3b. Bland-Altman Plot of resting HR
measurement by radial artery palpation and pulse
oximetry in seated, standing, and supine positions.
Mean Difference = -5.86
95% CI=-8.1, -3.6
+10.8
+11.5
+12.2
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y = 20.88 + 0.674x
r=0.53, r²=0.2829
|t|=2.45, p≤0.05,
Ox>A
y = 18.98+ 0.731x
r=0.59, r²=0.3467
|t|=1.64, p>0.05,
Ox=A
y = 28.82 + 0.54x
r=0.47, r²=0.223
|t|=3.66, p≤0.05,
Ox>A
4. Refer to Figures 5 and 6 to briefly comment on the effects of posture and method of measurement on HR. Do these
data agree with autonomic control of HR in response to postural changes as described in lecture? (1 point)
Method: 2,76F=5.686, p=0.005; Ox (84±2) > A (78±3),
P (78±2), NSD between A and P.
Posture: 2,76F=15.118, p<0.0001; ST (84±3) > SE (79±2),
SU (77±3), NSD between SE and SU.
Method x Posture:4,132F=1.113, p=0.352 No Interaction
Effect
2,76F=15.118, p<0.0001; ST (84±3)>SE (79±2), SU (77±3)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Auscultation HR Measurement
Pulse Oximeter HR Measurement
Figure 4a. Associations between resting HR
measurement by auscultation and pulse oximetry in
seated, standing, and supine positions.
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Diff=A-Ox
Mean HR=(A+Ox)÷2
Figure 4b. Bland-Altman Plot of resting HR
measurement by auscultation and pulse oximetry
in seated, standing, and supine positions.
Mean Difference = -6.5
95%CI= -9.4, -3.6
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
Seated Standing Supine
Heart Rate (beats·min
-1
)
Posture
Figure 5. Effect of body position and measurement
method on heart rate. Values are mean±SE.
Palpation Auscultation Pulse Oximetry
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
Seated Standing Supine
Heart Rate (beats∙min
-1
)
Posture
Figure 6. Effect of Posture on Resting HR
Main Effect. Values are mean±SE.
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5. Refer to Figure 7 to briefly comment on the effects of posture on SBP, DBP, and MAP. Do these data agree with
autonomic control of HR and BP as described in lecture? What would happen to MAP when moving from supine to
standing if HR and contractility did not increase? (1 point)
SBP: 2,76F=0.205, p=0.850; SE (120±2)
= ST (121±2) = SU (120±2); NSD
between SE, ST, and SU
DBP: 2,76F=4.636, p=0.013, ST (83±3)
> SU (79±3). NSD between SE
(81±1) and ST or SU
MAP: 2,76F=3.69, p=0.03, ST (95±2)
> SU (92±2); NSD between SE
(94±1) and ST or SU
Table 2. Baseline characteristics of static and dynamic exercise subjects in Spring 2022 EXSC 415. Values are
mean±SD.
Static Dynamic
Variable Female (n=3) Males (n=4) Female (n=3) Male (n=3)
Age (yrs) 22 ± 2 22 ± 1 23 ± 5 21 ± 1
Height (m) 1.59 ± 0.07 *1.74 ± 0.09 1.64 ± 0.06 *1.82 ± 0.10
Mass (kg) 57.2 ± 3.1 *79.0 ± 4.4 69.6 ± 12.7 *88.5 ± 10.0
TM Grade 25W (%) †2.6 ± 0.5 2.0 ± 0.2
TM Grade 50W (%) †5.1 ± 1.0 4.0 ± 0.5
TM Grade 75W (%) †7.7 ± 1.5 6.0 ± 0.7
TM Grade 100W (%) †10.3 ± 2.0 8.0 ± 0.9
*M>F, p≤0.05; †F<M, p≤0.05
6. Refer to Figures 8 and 9 to briefly comment on the effects of static exercise (3 min wall sit) on HR, SBP, DBP, and
MAP. (1 point)
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Seated Standing Supine
Pressure (mm Hg)
Body Position
Figure 7. Effect of Postural Position on Resting SBP,
DBP and MAP. Values are mean±SE.
SBP MAP DBP
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
BL 1 2 3 R5
Heart Rate (beats∙min
-1
)
Duration of Static Exercise (min)
Figure 8. Effect of Static Exercise (3 min Wall-Sit)
on HR. Values are mean±SE.
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
BL 1 2 3 R5
Pressure (mm Hg)
Duration of Static Exercise (min)
Figure 9. Effect of Static Exercise (3 min Wall-Sit)
on SBP, DBP, and MAP. Values are mean±SE.
SBP DBP MAP
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HR: 4,24F=61.702, p<0.001 (M3 [141±5], M2 [139±6],
M1 [117±5] > R5 [83±3], BL [74±6])
SBP: 4,24F=6.806, p<0.001 (M3 [157±6], M2 [146±6] >
M1 [133±11], R5 [132±3], BL [125±3])
DBP: 4,24F=11.007, p<0.001 (M2 [94±3], M3 [93±4] >
M1 [82±3], BL [80±2], R4 [74±3])
MAP: 4,24F=14.044, p<0.001 (M3 [114±3], M2 [111±3] >
M1 [98±5], BL [95±2], R4 [93±2])
7. Refer to Figures 10 and 11 to briefly comment on the general effects of aerobic exercise (bicycle ergometer,
treadmill) on HR, SBP, DBP, and MAP. How does incremental dynamic weight bearing (treadmill) and non-weight
bearing (bicycle ergometer) exercise affect HR, SBP, DBP, and MAP? What does the increase in SBP represent?
Reconcile the observed relatively modest increase in MAP with the increase in Q that is known to occur during
exercise. Compare and contrast the change in DBP during static exercise (Figure 9) with the change in DBP during
dynamic (bicycle ergometer, treadmill) exercise (Figure 11). Are these summary data consistent with material
covered in EXSC 415 lecture? (1½ point)
Mode: 1,5F=0.245, p=0.642, No difference between BE
[120±8] and TM [125±8] modes
Time: 5,25F=24.35, p<0.001 (100 [150±9] > 75 [140±8] >
50 [126±8] > 25 [112±5], R5 [107±7], BL [100±8])
Mode x Time: 5,25F=0.904, p=0.494, No Mode x Time
Interaction effect
SBP Mode: 1,5F=1.145, p=0.334, No difference between BE
[148±8] and TM [141±7] modes
Time: 5,25F=11.618, p<0.001 (100 [163±9], 75
[156±10], 50 [148±8] > 25 [139±8] > R5
[129±5], BL [129±3])
Mode x Time: 5,25F=0.753, p=0.592, No Mode x Time
Interaction effect
DBP Mode: 1,5F=2.245, p=0.194, No difference between
BE [86±3] and TM [79±2] modes
Time: 5,25F=3.358, p=0.058, No difference between
BL [78±2], 25 [83±2], 50 [87±2], 75 [83±5],
100 [88±2], R5 [75±2])
Mode x Time: 5,25F=3.475, p=0.0.095, No Mode x Time
Interaction effect
MAP Mode: 1,5F=2.206, p=0.211, No difference between
BE [114±4] and TM [107±4] modes
Time: 5,25F=29.513, p<0.001 (100 [126±4], 75 [120±6],
50 [118±3] > 25 [111±4], BL [96±2], BL [93±3])
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
0 25 50 75 100 R5
Heart Rate (beats∙min
-1
)
Work Rate (Watts)
Figure 10. Effect of Incremental Dynamic Exercise
(Bicycle Ergometer vs. Treadmill) on Heart Rate.
Values are mean±SE.
BE TM
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
0 25 50 75 100 R5
Pressure (mm Hg)
Work Rate (Watts)
Figure 11. Effect of Incremental Dynamic Exercise
(Bicycle Ergometer vs. Treadmill) on SBP, DBP,
and MAP. Values are mean±SE.
SBP-BE SBP-TM DBP-BE
DBP-TM MAP-BE MAP-TM
SBP
DBP
▲
MAP
●
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Mode x Time: 5,25F=0.864, p=0.519, No Mode x Time
Interaction effect