Project description
Please paraphrase the following paragraphs:
Historians of the internet have tended to concentrate on the early, Edenic phase of Western internet development. This revised history has emphasized, by contrast, the way in which commercialization subsequently distorted the internet in the West, while state censorship, in particular, muzzled the internet in the East. Growing corporate influence, the development of online audience concentration, the introduction of commercial surveillance technology and the strengthening of intellectual property law all entailed the superimposition of a new set of constraints on the internet as a consequence of advancing market influence. Likewise the introduction of restrictive internet licensing, the outsourcing of state censorship to internet service providers and the adaptation of commercial surveillance technology to state snooping imposed a further set of controls when the internet developed outside its north-western cradle. In brief, the rise of the internet was accompanied by the decline of its freedom.
However, this trend was resisted in both East and West. The rise of the open source movement, peoples continued reluctance to pay for web content, and the revival of the user-generated tradition all represented an attempt to arrest the commercial transformation of the internet. Likewise the heroic dissident hackers, who outwitted authoritarian governments in Egypt and elsewhere, were keeping alive the conception of a free internet.
If one task of rethinking internet history is to take full account of the later period, another task is to narrate the history of the internet as a global rather than Western phenomenon. This preliminary reconnaissance, which necessarily leaves out large parts of the world, concludes that the internet was less effective in destabilizing authoritarian regimes than was widely anticipated. The internet also contributed to the advance of women by providing a tool for the organized womens movement and by distributing the sometimes pirated products of Hollywood feminism. More contentiously, internet self-communication seems to have promoted the expression and assertion of self, though the evidence also points to the way in which strongly communal cultures could result in the internet supporting communal identities.
The interaction between the internet and society is complex. This is underscored by this chapter, which indicates that this relationship has varied both in time and space. Yet, even allowing for this complexity, the weight of evidence points to one firm conclusion: society exerts, in general, a greater influence on the internet than the other way around. That is why many of the prophecies about the impact of the internet surveyed in the first chapter and encountered again in this chapter have not been fulfilled.
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