Essay On the Duties of Man Addressed to Workingmen,” 1844

In this exercise, categorize each document in terms of what 
faction it belongs to and why (Civic Nationalists, Ethnic Nationalist, 
Communists, Anarchists, Moderate Socialists). In analyzing the document 
you should look for specific language that most thoroughly reflects the 
core beliefs of the relevant faction.


After you have categorized the documents according to 
faction, choose the moral foundation (Harm/care, Fairness/reciprocity, 
Ingroup/loyalty, Authority/respect, and Purity/sanctity) which best fits
 each representative document. YOU MUST PROVIDE AT LEAST ONE REASON FOR 
EACH CHOICE IN ORDER TO RECEIVE CREDIT!

DOC. 1: From Joseph Mazzini’s, “An Essay On the Duties of Man Addressed to Workingmen,”
1844
“In labouring for our own country on the right principle, we labour for Humanity. Our country is the
fulcrum of the lever we have to wield for the common good. If we abandon the fulcrum, we run the
risk of rendering ourselves useless not only to Humanity but to our country itself. Before men can
associate with the nations of which Humanity is composed, they must have a national existence.
There is no true association except among equals. It is only through our country that we can have a
recognized collective existence.”
DOC. 2: Max Schneckenburger, “The Watch on The Rhine,” 1870
This was a favorite song of the German soldiers during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.

A VOICE resounds like thunder-peal,
'Mid dashing waves and clang of steel:
The Rhine, the Rhine, the German Rhine!
Who guards to-day my stream divine?
Chorus: Dear Fatherland, no danger thine;
Firm stand thy sons to watch the Rhine!

They stand, a hundred thousand strong,
Quick to avenge their country's wrong;
With filial love their bosoms swell,
They'll guard the sacred landmark well!
Chorus: Dear Fatherland, no danger thine;
Firm stand thy sons to watch the Rhine!

The dead of an heroic race
From heaven look down and meet this gaze;
He swears with dauntless heart, "O Rhine,
Be German as this breast of mine!"
Chorus: Dear Fatherland, no danger thine;

Firm stand thy sons to watch the Rhine!

While flows one drop of German blood,
Or sword remains to guard thy flood,
While rifle rests in patriot hand,
No foe shall tread thy sacred strand!
Chorus: Dear Fatherland, no danger thine;
Firm stand thy sons to watch the Rhine!

Our oath resounds, the river flows,
In golden light our banner glows;
Our hearts will guard thy stream divine:
The Rhine, the Rhine, the German Rhine!
Chorus: Dear Fatherland, no danger thine;
Firm stand thy sons to watch the Rhine!

Document 3: From Charles Fourier, Theory of Social Organization, 1820
Liberty, unless enjoyed by all, is unreal and illusory. . .to secure liberty a Social Order is necessary
which shall (1) Discover and organize a system of industry; (2) Guarantee to every individual the
equivalent of their natural rights; and (3) Associate the interests of rich and poor. It is only on these
conditions the masses can be secured a minimum of comfortable subsistence and enjoyment of all
social pleasures

DOC. 4: From Louis Kossuth's speech at the dinner given in his honor by the U.S. Congress in
Washington D.C., January 7, 1852
“Sir, I most fervently thank you for the acknowledgment that my country has proved worthy to be
free. Yes, gentlemen, I feel proud at my nation's character, heroism, love of freedom and vitality, and I
bow with reverential awe before the decree of Providence which placed my country in a position
that, without its restoration to independence, there is no possibility for freedom and the
independence of nations on the European continent. Even what now in France is about to pass
proves the truth of this. Every disappointed hope with which Europe looked toward France is a
degree more added to the importance of Hungary to the world. Upon our plains were fought the
decisive battles for Christendom; there will be fought the decisive battles for the independence of
nations, for State rights, for international law, and for democratic liberty. We will live free, or die like
men; but should my people be doomed to die, it will be the first whose death will not be recorded as
suicide, but as a martyrdom for the world, and future ages will mourn over the sad fate of the Magyar
race, doomed to perish, not because we deserved it, but because in the nineteenth century there was
nobody to protect the laws of nature and of nature's God.”
DOC. 5: Ernst Moritz Arndt, “The German Fatherland,” late 19 th century

WHERE is the German's fatherland?
The Prussian land? The Swabian land?
Where Rhine the vine-clad mountain laves?
Where skims the gull the Baltic waves?
Ah, no, no, no!
His fatherland 's not bounded so!

Where is the German's fatherland?
Bavarian land? or Stygian land?
Where sturdy peasants plough the plain?

Where mountain-sons bright metal gain?
Ah, no, no, no!
His fatherland's not bounded so!

Where is the German's fatherland?
The Saxon hills? The Zuyder strand?
Where sweep wild winds the sandy shores
Where loud the rolling Danube roars?
Ah, no, no, no!
His fatherland 's not bounded so!