neurological, cardiac and skeletal muscle function.
Each question is worth 10 marks.
- Maintenance of calcium ion homeostasis is critical to neurological, cardiac and skeletal muscle function. Consider the roles of two hormones involved in the regulation of the concentration of calcium ions in the blood. Parathyroid hormone increases the concentration of calcium ions in the blood, while calcitonin decreases the concentration. Based on this information predict the body’s response to restore calcium balance if a person swallowed 100 antacid tablets made of a calcium compound in 10 minutes. Include in your answer the definition of homeostasis, the type of feedback loop involved and all of the components of a feedback loop.
Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in which the body retains equilibrium in the body’s internal environment in response to changing conditions due the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. One of this process is the negative feedback loop. A feedback loop is a series of events in which a certain condition in the body is monitored, evaluated, changed etc. The “condition” being monitored is called a controlled condition. A disruption to that controlled conditions initiates the feedback loop; this distribution is referred to as a “stimulus”. During a negative feedback loop a change in the control condition is reversed. The 3 main components through which this happens is the receptor (which notes the change in the controlled condition and sends and input to the control center), the control center (which basically controls the best value for the condition and so upon noticing a change it generates an output command to give a response to that change) and the effector, which is the body structure that receives the output from the control center and produces a response that then returns the controlled condition to normal. Based on this, if a person swallowed an access amount of calcium, the receptors would detect that increase in the calcium concentration which would result in the control center initiating a response in which calcitonin is secreted in order to decrease the blood calcium concentration and return it to normal once again.
- Provide one important example (in the human body) of each of the following:
- a single molecule containing ionic bonds
HCL
- a single molecule containing covalent bonds
- a single molecule containing hydrogen bonds
H2O
What is the function of each of these three molecules you have identified in the human body? Explain why each of these three molecules must have its specific types of bonds in order to perform that molecule’s function.
- Define mitosis and meiosis, and describe the differences between these two processes.
- List the skin glands and write details about their functions. What would be the consequences if a person’s skin glands stopped functioning?
- Describe how the structures of the epidermis allow it to provide immediate and indirect protection to underlying tissues.
- Fill in the words or phrases that best complete each of the following sentences.
- Functions of the skeletal system include support, protection, assisting in movement, _____ homeostasis, _____ production and triglyceride storage.
- The hollow space inside of long bones that is lined with _____ and filled with yellow marrow is the _____.
- The protein that provides flexibility and _____ strength to bone is _____.
- _____ bone tissue is organized into concentric rings of bone tissue, which are called osteons or _____.
- _____ accompany blood vessels within bone tissue; the periosteum is enriched with _____
- Ossification may also be called _____; in an embryo, it begins with the organization of _____ tissue into the general shape of bones.
- _____ ossification occurs between _____ connective tissue sheet-like layers that resemble membranes.
- Activity of the epiphyseal plate causes the _____ region of a bone to grow in _____.
- _____, IGFs, insulin and T3/T4 are the primary stimulators of bone growth before _____.
- _____ is the hormone that _____ the effects of parathyroid hormone.
- Match the items in column A with the descriptions in column B to create the BEST MATCHES.
Items in column A can be used more than once when making matches to column B. However, there is only one correct answer for each blank space.
| Column A | Column B |
| a. articular cartilage
b. diaphysis c. endosteum d. epiphyses e. periosteum f. canaliculi g. lacunae h. lamellae i. osteons j. trabeculae k. calcification l. development of cartilage model m. development of ossification center n. development of periosteum o. osteoblast p. intramembranous ossification q. osteoclast r. zone of hypertrophic cartilage s. zone of proliferating cartilage t. zone of calcified cartilage u. calcitonin v. calcitriol w. foramen x. parathyroid hormone y. fossa |
_____ raises blood Ca2+ levels by increasing osteoclast activity and blocking kidney secretion of Ca2+
_____ struts or plates within spongy bone that assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction _____ channels in bone matrix; allow osteocytes to communicate with each other _____ expanded ends of a long bone _____ occurs after development of ossification center during intramembranous bone development; occurs prior to formation of trabeculae _____ lines the marrow cavity _____ protects bone; assists in fracture repair _____ a rounded passageway through a bone that permits blood vessels and/or nerves to pass _____ shaft of a long bone
_____ process where the bone develops from mesenchyme, often forming flat bones _____ structural units of compact bone _____ bone cell that breaks down old bone matrix _____ spaces in bone matrix that contain osteocytes _____ tiny channels connecting osteocytes with the central canal of an osteon _____ occurs when mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate during intramembranous bone development _____ inhibits osteoclastic activity _____ reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints that have a wide range of motion _____ consists of several stages, including the development of the periosteum from the highly-vascularized mesenchyme on the outside of new bone _____ does not occur during intramembranous bone development; must arise from mesenchyme template _____ part of a long bone that is not covered by the periosteum is covered by this structure |
- Match the items in column A with the descriptions in column B to create the BEST MATCHES.
Items in column A can be used more than once when making matches to column B. However, there is only one correct answer for each blank space.
| Column A | Column B |
| 1. pronation
2. abduction 3. inversion 4. gliding 5. depression 6. dorsiflexion 7. extension 8. retraction 9. lateral flexion 10. circumduction 11. plantar flexion 12. elevation 13. adduction 14. hyperextension 15. flexion 16. medial rotation 17. eversion 18. protraction 19. supination 20. lateral rotation |
a. _____ straightening the elbow joint
b. _____ moving the arm anteriorly c. _____ spreading the fingers apart d. _____ opening the jaw e. _____ bending the ankle joint so that the foot moves downward f. _____ moving a thigh straight toward the other thigh g. _____ bending the wrist joint so that the hand moves posteriorly h. _____ bending the head so that it moves toward the right shoulder i. _____ bending the knee joint j. _____ moving the thumb around in a circle |
- From the movements listed in column B, list the scientific names of the bones (learned in earlier chapters) that meet at each joint, i.e., where each movement occurs.
Note: The spaces below require one or two bones of a certain region. Be very specific when required.
- _____ articulates with _____
- _____ articulates with _____
- _____ articulates with _____
_____ articulates
